BMW S 1000 RR - Wartungshandbuch

BMW MotorradRider's ManualS 1000 RRThe UltimateRiding Machine

OverviewChapter 2 of this Rider's Manu-al will provide you with an initialoverview of your motorcycle. Allmaintenance and repair work onthe motor

Mode changesA mode change involves func-tions in the engine managementsystem, the ABS and the DTCand is possible only in certain op-erating states:No

ing force exceeds the maxim-um transferrable limit, the wheelsstart to lock and the motorcycleloses its directional stability; a fallis imminent. Befo

Severe braking can causethe rear wheel to lift off theground.When you brake, bear in mindthat ABS control cannot be reliedon in all circumstances to p

Electronic enginemanagement with BMWMotorrad DTCwith BMW Motorrad Race ABSand DTCOEHow does DTC work?The BMW Motorrad DTC com-pares the speed of rotat

If the front wheel lifts clear of theground under severe accelera-tion, the DTC reduces enginetorque until the front wheel re-gains contact with the g

AccessoriesAccessoriesGeneral instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Luggage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028101zAcc

General instructionsBMW Motorrad recommendsthe use of parts and accessoriesfor your motorcycle that are ap-proved by BMW for this purpose.Genuine BMW

MaintenanceMaintenanceGeneral instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Engi

General instructionsThe Maintenance chapter de-scribes straightforward proced-ures for checking and replacingcertain wear parts.Special tightening tor

9 Reversible screwdriverbladeWith star-head and TorxT25Remove the front seat( 54).Removing and installingbody panelsReplacing turn indicat-or bulbs, f

EquipmentWhen you ordered your BMWmotorcycle, you chose variousitems of custom equipment. ThisRider's Manual describes option-al extras (OE) offe

Engine oil, specified levelBetween MIN and MAXmarksIf the oil level is below the MINmark:Top up the engine oil ( 106).If the oil level is above the MA

tem undertaken by trained andqualified specialists.Checking operation ofbrakesPull the handbrake lever.The pressure point must beclearly perceptible.P

Visually inspect the brake padsto ascertain their thickness.Viewing direction: from the reartoward brake pads 1.Brake-pad wear limit, rearmin 1.0 mm (

Check the brake fluid level inbrake fluid reservoir 1.Wear of the brake padscauses the brake fluid levelin the reservoir to sink.Brake fluid level, fr

Check the brake fluid level inrear reservoir 1.Wear of the brake padscauses the brake fluid levelin the reservoir to sink.Brake fluid level, rearDOT4

tion: From in front toward theinside of the right side panel.Coolant, specified levelbetween MIN and MAXmarks on the expansion tankIf the coolant drop

Remove screws 2, 3 and 4.Pull the fairing side panel atposition 5 to disengage it fromthe rubber buffer and remove.Disconnect plug 6.Remove the side p

Install screw 1.ClutchChecking clutch operationPull the clutch lever.The pressure point must beclearly perceptible.If the pressure point is not clearl

Repeat the steps in this pro-cedure until clutch play is setcorrectly.TyresChecking tyre tread depthYour motorcycle's handlingand grip can be imp

Checking chain tensionMake sure the ground is leveland firm and place the motor-cycle on its stand.Turn the rear wheel until itreaches the position wi

18zGeneral instructions

Locknut of the final-drivechain tensioning screw16 NmTighten quick-release axlenut 1 to the specified tight-ening torque.Rear quick-release axle inswi

are programmed into the controlunit and are fundamental to allcalculations. Any change in theseinfluencing variables, caused forexample by a switch to

Force the brake pads 4 slightlyapart by rocking brake caliper 5back and forth against brakedisc 6.Carefully pull the brake calipersback and out until

Note the direction-of-rotation ar-rows on the tyre or the wheelrim.Roll the front wheel into posi-tion between the front forks.Raise the front wheel,

ceptible, and repeat this opera-tion several times.Remove the rear wheelMake sure the ground is leveland firm and place the motor-cycle on its stand.R

caliper carrier 8 to the rear andremove.The sprocket and thespacer sleeves on leftand right are loose fits in thewheel. Make sure that theseparts are

Roll the rear wheel as farforward as possible and loopchain 7 over the sprocket.Insert right adjusting plate 6in the swinging arm in such away that an

wheel stand and the rear wheelcan topple.Place the motorcycle on itscentre stand or another auxiliarystand before lifting the frontwheel with the BMW

Rear-wheel standInstalling auxiliary standat rear wheelUse basic stand with tool num-ber (0 402 241) and adapters(2 152 839).Install adapter pins(2 15

Engage the auxiliary stand inthe rear wheel swinging armand apply even pressure topush it down to the ground.BulbsGeneral instructionsA warning appear

General viewsGeneral viewsGeneral view, left side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11General view, right side . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Handlebar fittin

Remove cover 2 so that thehigh-beam headlight bulb canbe replaced.Disconnect plug 3.Remove bulb 4 from the sock-et.Replace the defective bulb.Do not t

Remove parking-light cover 1.Push down retainer 2 (using ascrewdriver if necessary) andpull socket 3 out of the head-light housing.Remove bulb 4 from

Install socket 3 in the socket,making sure that retainer 2 en-gagesInstall the cover.Replacing parking-lightbulb, rightMake sure the ground is levelan

Bulb for parking lightW5W / 12 V / 5 WInsert bulb 4 into the socket.Install socket 3 in the socket,making sure that retainer 2 en-gagesInstall the cov

Turn bulb 2 counter-clockwiseand remove it from the bulbhousing.Replace the defective bulb.Do not touch the glass ofnew bulbs with your fingers.Use a

LED rear lightIf the number of LEDs in the rearlight that have failed exceeds thenumber stated in the TechnicalData below, the rear light mustbe repla

Push the bulb into the bulbsocket.Press parking-light bulb sock-et 1 into the light housing.FusesRemoving fuseRisk of fire if an attempt ismade to jum

Installing fuseReplace the defective fuse witha fuse of the correct amperagerating.The fuse assignments andfuse amperage ratings spe-cified for your m

and the other end to the neg-ative terminal of the dischargedbattery.Start the engine of the vehiclewith the discharged batteryin the usual way; if th

Remove the front seat ( 54).Disconnection in the wrongsequence increases the riskof short-circuits.Always proceed in the correctsequence.Disconnect ne

210zGeneral views

with BMW Motorrad RaceABSOENote the different positionsof the battery and terminals 1and 2.Install the front seat ( 54).Recharging batteryDisconnect t

CareCareCare products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Washing motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Cleaning easily damaged compon-

Care productsBMW Motorrad recommendsthat you use the cleaning andcare products you can obtainfrom your authorised BMWMotorrad dealer. The substancesin

Even fly-remover pads or clean-ing pads with hard surfaces canproduce scratches.Soften stubborn dirt andinsects by covering the af-fected areas with a

BMW Motorrad recommendsBMW tar remover for removingspecks of tar. Remember to waxthe parts treated in this way.Protective wax coatingBMW Motorrad reco

Technical dataTechnical dataTroubleshooting chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Threaded fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Engine . . . . .

Troubleshooting chartEngine does not start at all or is difficult to start.Possible cause RemedySide stand Retract the side stand ( 60).Gear engaged a

Threaded fastenersFront wheel Value ValidQuick-release axle in threadedbushM24 x 1.5 50 NmClamping screws in axle holderM8 x 35 19 NmRadial brake cali

Rear wheel Value ValidClamping screw to top springretainerM5 x 25 3 NmSpring strut to main frameM10 x 65 56 NmMirrors Value ValidMirror to front panel

EngineEngine design Transversely mounted, four-cylinder four-strokein-line engine tilted 32° forward, with four valvesper cylinder, two overhead camsh

General view, left side1 Adjuster, spring preload,front ( 47)Adjuster for front rebound-stage damping ( 50)2 Adjuster for rearcompression-stagedamping

FuelRecommended fuel grade Super unleaded95 ROZ/RON89 AKIUsable fuel capacity approx. 17.5 lReserve fuel approx. 4 lEngine oilEngine oil, capacity 3.9

ClutchClutch type Multiplate oil-bath clutch, anti-hoppingTransmissionGearbox type Claw-shift 6-speed gearbox, integrated into en-gine blockGearbox tr

Rear-wheel driveType of final drive Chain driveType of rear suspension Two-arm cast-aluminium swinging armFinal drive, number of teeth (Pinion / sproc

BrakesType of front brake Hydraulically radially operated twin disc brake with4-piston radial fixed calipers and floating brakediscsBrake-pad material

Rear wheelRear wheel type Cast aluminium, MT H2Rear wheel rim size 6.0" x 17"Tyre designation, rear 190 / 55 ZR 17Tyre pressureTyre pressure

BatteryBattery type AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) batteryBattery rated voltage 12 VBattery rated capacity 10 Ahwith anti-theft alarm (DWA)OE12 AhSpark plu

FrameFrame type Cast light alloy weldment with bolt-on light-alloyrear frameType plate location Steering head, rightVIN location Steering head, rightD

WeightsUnladen weight 203 kg, DIN unladen weight, ready for road, 90 %load of fuel, without optional extrasPermissible gross weight 405 kgMaximum payl

11154zTechnical data

ServiceServiceBMW Motorrad service . . . . . . . . . . . . 156BMW Motorrad service quality . . . . . 156BMW Motorrad Service Card: on-the-spot breakdo

212zGeneral views

BMW Motorrad serviceAdvanced technology requiresspecially adapted methods ofmaintenance and repair.If maintenance and re-pair work is performed in-exp

down, contact BMW Motorrad'sMobile Service. The specialistswill provide the necessary adviceand assistance.You will find important country-specif

Confirmation of maintenance workBMW Pre-deliveryCheckCompletedonStamp, signatureBMW Running-inCheckCompletedonOdometer readingNext serviceat the lates

BMW ServiceCompletedonOdometer readingNext serviceat the latestonor, if logged beforehand,Odometer readingStamp, signatureBMW ServiceCompletedonOdomet

BMW ServiceCompletedonOdometer readingNext serviceat the latestonor, if logged beforehand,Odometer readingStamp, signatureBMW ServiceCompletedonOdomet

BMW ServiceCompletedonOdometer readingNext serviceat the latestonor, if logged beforehand,Odometer readingStamp, signatureBMW ServiceCompletedonOdomet

BMW ServiceCompletedonOdometer readingNext serviceat the latestonor, if logged beforehand,Odometer readingStamp, signatureBMW ServiceCompletedonOdomet

Confirmation of serviceThe table is intended as a record of maintenance and repair work, the installation of optional accessoriesand, if appropriate,

Item OdometerreadingDate12164zService

AAbbreviations and symbols, 6ABSControl, 14Engineering details, 96Operation, 41Self-diagnosis, 61Warnings, 25Anti-theft alarmTelltale light, 17Warning

General view, right side1 Brake-fluid reservoir, rear( 109)2 VIN and type plate (onsteering-head bearing,right)3 Brake-fluid reservoir, front( 108)4 C

DDampingAdjuster, front, 11Adjuster, rear, 11, 13Adjusting, 49DimensionsTechnical data, 152Drop switchWarnings, 33DTCControl, 14Engineering details, 9

HeadlightOverview, 18Helmet holder, 16, 55High-beam headlightSwitching on, 39Telltale light, 20Horn, 14IIdleTelltale light, 20IgnitionSwitching off, 3

RRear-wheel driveTechnical data, 148Rear-wheel standInstalling, 124Refuelling, 66Reserve volumeWarning, 24Residual range, 38Restoring to use, 140Rev.

ToolkitContents, 104Stowage, 16Torques, 143TransmissionFor starting, 60Technical data, 147Trim panelsRemoving and installing, 111Troubleshooting chart

Handlebar fitting, left1 High-beam headlight andheadlight flasher ( 39)Control for the laptimer( 74)2 Operating the ABSControl for DTC3 Control for ha

Handlebar fitting, right1 Control for selecting theride mode ( 43)2 Starting engine ( 60)3 Emergency off switch (killswitch) ( 41)215zGeneral views

Motorcycle data/dealership detailsMotorcycle dataModelVehicle identification numberColour codeDate of first registrationRegistration numberDealership

Underneath the seat1 Batterywith BMW MotorradRace ABSOEdifferent battery position:set further back and turned180°2 Helmet holder ( 55)3 Luggage loops

Instrument panel1 Panels for warning and tell-tale lights ( 20) ( 21)2 Rev. counter3 Shift light ( 63)4 Ambient-light brightnesssensor (for adapting t

Headlight1 Side light2 Low-beam headlight3 High-beam headlight218zGeneral views

Status indicatorsStatus indicatorsStandard status indicators . . . . . . . . . . 20Standard warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21ABS warning

Standard statusindicatorsMultifunction display1 Speedometer2 Coolant temperature3 Clock ( 37)4 Odometer and tripmeters( 38)5 Ride mode ( 43)6 Gear ind

If the motorcycle covers long dis-tances in the course of the year,under certain circumstances itmight be necessary to have itserviced at a date in ad

If a warning string 2 appears onthe display it is accompaniedby the 'General' warning light 3showing red or yellow.If two or more warnings o

Warnings, overviewTelltale lights Status indicators MeaningLights up yellowEWS ! appears onthe displayElectronic immobiliser active ( 24)Lights up Fue

Electronic immobiliseractiveGeneral warning light showsyellow.EWS ! appears on the display.Possible cause:The key being used is not au-thorised for st

lower than normal: adapt yourstyle of riding accordingly.Possible cause:The engine control unit has dia-gnosed a fault. In exceptionalcases, the engin

Details described or illustratedin this booklet may differ fromthe motorcycle's actual specifica-tion as purchased, the accessor-ies fitted or th

Mode of presentationABS warnings are indicated byone of the ABS warning lights.ABS warning lightdescribed in this manual.Possible alternative warningl

Warnings, overviewTelltale lights Status indicators MeaningFlashesABS self-diagnosis not completed( 28)Lights upABS deactivated ( 28)Lights upABS faul

ABS self-diagnosis notcompletedABS warning light flashes.Possible cause:The ABS function is notavailable, because self-diagnosis did not complete. The

Warnings, overviewTelltale lights Status indicators MeaningQuick-flashes DTC intervention ( 30)Slow-flashes Self-diagnosis not completed ( 30)Lights u

DTC interventionDTC warning light quick-flashes.The DTC has detected a degreeof instability at the rear wheeland has intervened to reducetorque. The w

Mode of presentationAnti-theft alarm warnings appearas plain-text warnings 2 in com-bination with the 'General' warn-ing light 3 showing aft

Warnings, overviewTelltale lights Status indicators MeaningDWALO ! appearson the displayAnti-theft alarm battery weak ( 33)Lights up yellowDWA ! appea

Anti-theft alarm batteryweakDWALO ! appears on the dis-play.This error message appearsonly briefly after the pre-ride check completes.Possible cause:T

Drop switch missing ordefectiveVDS! (Vertical Down Sensor)appears on the display.Possible cause:The drop switch is registeredwith the motorcycle'

OperationOperationIgnition switch and steering lock . . . . 36Electronic immobiliser EWS . . . . . . . . . 37Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Important data for refuellingFuelRecommended fuel grade Super unleaded95 ROZ/RON89 AKIUsable fuel capacity approx. 17.5 lReserve fuel approx. 4 lTyre

Ignition switch andsteering lockKeysYou receive two master keys andone spare key. Please consultthe information on the electronicimmobiliser (EWS) if

Electronic immobiliserEWSThe motorcycle's electronicsexchange certain continuouslychanging signals with the elec-tronics in the key; these signal

Press button 2 to step theminutes reading down.When the minutes reading iscorrect, press and hold downbutton 2 until the numberstops flashing.This com

residual-range readout cannot beupdated.The calculated range is anapproximate value. Con-sequently, BMW Motorrad re-commends that you should nottry to

The turn indicators are can-celled automatically afteryou have ridden for approxim-ately 10 seconds, or covered adistance of about 200 m.Push button 1

Emergency off switch(kill switch)1 Emergency off switch (killswitch)Operating the kill switchwhen riding can causethe rear wheel to lock and thuscause

with BMW Motorrad Race ABSand DTCOEPress and hold down button 1until first DTC warning light 3and then ABS warning light 2change their status.The DTC

Press and hold down button 1until DTC warning light 3changes status.DTC warning light starts toshow.Release button 1 within twoseconds.DTC warning lig

Press button 1.Arrow 1 and selection menu 2show. The current setting isshown at position 3.If the coding plug has been in-serted the menu includes the

menu disappears from the dis-play.The mode selected in this wayis retained with the engine-characteristic adaptations, ABSand DTC settings even aftert

Welcome to BMWWe congratulate you on yourchoice of a motorcycle fromBMW and welcome you to thecommunity of BMW riders.Familiarise yourself with your n

When the coding plug is inser-ted, RAIN mode 1 is activatedautomatically for safety reasons.Setting riding mode ( 43).Install the front seat ( 54).Bra

Spring preloadSettingIt is essential to set spring pre-load of the front suspension tosuit the terrain. Increase springpreload for riding in rough ter

words), use the tool from theon-board toolkit to turn adjust-ing screws 3 in direction a.To increase the difference (re-duce spring preload, in otherw

Your motorcycle's hand-ling will suffer if you do notmatch the spring-preload anddamping-characteristic settings.Adjust the damping characteristi

To increase damping: Use thetool from the on-board kit toturn the adjusting screw in theappropriate direction so thatmark 2 points to a higher read-in

To increase damping: Use thetool from the on-board kit toturn the adjusting screw in theappropriate direction so thatmark 2 points to a higher read-in

To increase damping: Use thetool from the on-board tool-kit to turn the adjusting screwor the adjusting ring, as ap-plicable, in the appropriate dir-e

mark 2 points to a higher read-ing on the scale.To reduce damping: Use thetool from the on-board kit toturn the adjusting screw in theappropriate dire

seat, upholstered side down,on a clean surface.Installing rear seatEngage the rear seat inmounts 2 on left and right,then apply pressure to the rearof

Push the upholstery of thefront seat forward slightlyabove the screw holes andhold it in this position.Install screws 1.Helmet holderSecuring helmet t

Table of ContentsYou can also consult the index atthe end of this Rider's Manual ifyou want to find a particular topicor item of information.1 Ge

Use the loops 1 and the rearfootrests, for example, to se-cure luggage to the rear seat.In this process, take care not todamage the rear trim panels.4

RidingRidingSafety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Starting . .

Safety instructionsRider's equipmentDo not ride without the correctclothing. Always wear:HelmetMotorcycling jacket andtrousersGlovesBootsThis app

Catalytic converterIf misfiring causes unburned fuelto enter the catalytic converter,there is a danger of overheatingand damage.For this reason, obser

Security of the luggageTension and lubrication of thedrive chainAt regular intervals:Engine oil level (every refuellingstop)Brake-pad wear (every thir

aborted if you start the enginebefore it completes.Phase 1Telltale and warning lights 1light up, 'General' warning light2 shows yellow.The n

ABS warning light flashes.ABS self-diagnosiscompletedThe ABS warning light goesout.If an indicator showing an ABSfault appears when ABS self-dia-gnosi

Try to do most of your rid-ing during this initial period ontwisting, fairly hilly roads, avoid-ing high-speed main roads andhighways if possible.Comp

Shift light flashing: enginespeed too highShift speedWhen the motorcycle is on themove, the shift light indicates theengine speed at which the ridersh

Shift assistance is not available inthe following situations:Gearshifts with the clutchpressedGearshifts with the throttlevalve closed (engine overrun

SETUP mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81In the gravel trap . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Removing and installing mir-rors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Apply the brakes in good timeuntil the brake discs and brakepads have dried out.Salt on brakesThe brakes may fail to takeeffect immediately if themoto

Open the protective cap.Use the ignition key to unlockcap 1 of the fuel tank and popthe cap open.Refuel with fuel of the gradestated below; do not fil

568zRiding

On the race trackOn the race trackMultifunction display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70LAPTIMER mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72INFO m

Multifunction displaySelecting display modeRepeatedly press button 2 untilthe reading shows the modeyou want.ROAD mode: The ROAD modeprovides you with

Overview of modeselectionsolid line: short pressbroken line: press and holddown1 Operating odometer( 38)2 Set the clock ( 37).3 Starting timing ( 74).

LAPTIMER modeMode of presentation1 Speedometer2 Current lap3 Engine temperature4 The readings in these linescan be changed by therider ( 72)Shown here

Overview of LAPTIMERmodesolid line: short pressbroken line: press and holddown1 Ending timing ( 75).2 Interrupt the timing( 75).3 Starting timing ( 74

Customising displaylayoutTo change the layout of thedisplay in LAPTIMER mode,repeatedly press button 2 untilthe layout of the display suitsyour prefer

Interrupting timingPress button 1 to interrupt tim-ing.Press button 1 again to re-sume timing.Ending timingBegin by pressing button 1 tointerrupt timi

BMW Motorrad servicenetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Maintenance work. . . . . . . . . 157Confirmation of mainten-ance work . . . . .

INFO modeSelecting saved lapRepeatedly press button 1or button 2 to view each lapstored in memory one after theother.If you pull away from rest inthis

Overview of INFO modesolid line: short pressbroken line: press and holddown1 Selecting saved lap( 76).2 Delete the lap times( 80).3 Direct jump to the

Information per lap1 Alternately: Top speed(max) and lowest speed(min) on the lap currentlydisplayed2 Lap for which the data onthe display apply3 Alte

Clearing all saved dataHold down button 1 until INFOCLEAR ALL appears.Hold down button 2 to clear allthe saved data and return tothe LAPTIMER mode.Act

Deleting lap timesRepeatedly press button 1 orbutton 2 until the lap you wantto delete appears on the dis-play.Press and hold down button 2to delete t

SETUP modeSelecting a parameterRepeatedly press button 1 orbutton 2 until the parameteryou want appears on the dis-play.If you pull away from rest int

Overview of SETUP modesolid line: short pressbroken line: press and holddown1 Selecting a parameter( 81).2 Direct jump to ROADmode3 Set the parameter

Setting parameterPress and hold down button 2until the parameter starts toflash.Repeatedly press button 1 orbutton 2 until the value youwant appears o

Engine speed for shiftlight OFFEngine speed for shift light OFFin rpm.You can select only enginespeeds that are higher than theshift light ON speed.Sh

Version 1The second line shows the run-ning time for the current lap,the best lap saved in memoryis shown in the third line.Version 2The second line s

General instructionsGeneral instructionsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Abbreviations and symbols . . . . . . . . .

Version 4The second line shows the timerecorded for the preceding lap,the best lap saved in memory isshown in the third line.Version 5The second line

Display-freeze period forthe most recent timeFreeze time in seconds.After the start of a new lap thetime for the preceding lap re-mains visible for th

In the gravel trapDTC deactivationOn very loose surfaces (for ex-ample in a gravel trap of a racetrack), DTC's attempts to con-trol propulsive po

Mirror to front panel car-rierThread-locking compound:Mechanical thread lock5 NmRemoving and installingnumber-plate carrierRemoving number-platecarrie

Hold the number-plate carrierin position and work the cablethrough opening 3.Install screws 2.Connect plug 1.Install the rear seat ( 54).Removing and

Seat the side panel in the rub-ber buffer at position 5.Install screws 2, 3 and 4.Install screw 1.Installing front flashingturn indicatorRemove screw

Hold the flashing turn indicatorin position and install screw 2.Clip in the turn-signal cable atposition 1.Install the side panel ( 112).692zOn the ra

Engineering detailsEngineering detailsRide mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Brake system with BMW MotorradRace ABS . . . . .

Ride modeSelectionYou can choose the mode thatbest suits the weather, the roadconditions and your style of rid-ing from four ride modes:RAINSPORT (sta

sible to induce slight drift whenexiting corners.RACERACE is the sportiest modeavailable without the coding pluginserted.Power increase and engineresp